Doing business in Denmark

Investing in Denmark

The Danish Government welcomes inward investment, providing various incentives to foreign multinational countries. Denmark has an established infrastructure and provides political stability, making it an attractive country for business investment and expansion.

Doing business in Denmark is a sound decision, but nevertheless, embarking on a new adventure such as doing business in a new country can be confusing in some situations. Therefore, we have gathered some relevant information for you, when you wish to do business in Denmark.

Please note that this guide gives general guidance only and should not be regarded as an authoritative or complete statement of the law, regulations, or tax position in any country. You should always seek specific advice for each specific situation. This document should not be relied upon as professional advice and Crossbord accepts no liability for reliance on its content.

Registrations and Establishing an Entity

Registrations are required to conduct business in Denmark. All registrations are carried out by the Commercial Agency (Erhvervsstyrelsen).

Registration application forms can be completed and submitted online but must (normally) be signed on paper. The foreign company’s registration certificate is necessary for enclosure and the process takes approximately six to eight weeks. Upon approval, a Danish company certificate is issued with a Danish CVR number.

Historically, the registered device would then be provided with a Nem-ID, but this has been phased out. Before the summer of 2023, all Nem-ID became obsolete, and Mit-ID is used instead.

Mit-ID is a Digital Signature Employee Certificate and is used for identifying yourself as an employee/agent of a particular company or organisation. An application is made by appointing a Mit-ID administrator for the company who can act on the company’s behalf regarding issuing and administrating other Mit-ID signatures. These signatures grant access to information from the Danish authorities including matters of outstanding tax and outstanding social security contributions.

A foreign entity providing services in Denmark is also required to register in the RUT registry, which is the Danish Government’s official report of foreign service. Registration in the RUT register entails an obligation to pay AFU contributions. Furthermore, your company must have a NemKonto, see more information under Banking.

Further information can be found on the following governmental web pages:

Banking

It is not mandatory to make employee salary payments and third-party authority payments from an in-country bank account. The largest banks in Denmark are Danske Bank, Nordea, Jyske Bank, Nykredit, and Sydbank.

It is, however, mandatory for companies to have a NemKonto. Public authorities utilise your company’s NemKonto for any financial transactions with the company. For instance, the Tax Agency may use it to refund VAT, or for other payments to your business.

The working week in Denmark is Monday to Friday and working hours for commercial and public offices are usually 37-40 hours per week. The working day is usually between seven and eight hours long, typically from 08.00 or 09.00 hours to 16.00 or 17.00 hours. Lunch breaks range from half an hour to one hour.

Working Week

The working week in Denmark is Monday to Friday and working hours for commercial and public offices are usually 37-40 hours per week.

The working day is usually between seven and eight hours long, typically from 08.00 or 09.00 hours to 16.00 or 17.00 hours. Lunch breaks range from half an hour to one hour.

Facts about Denmark

Full Name: Kingdom of Denmark

Population: 5.900 million (Worldometer, 2024)

Capital: Copenhagen

Major Language(s): Danish

Major Religion(s): Christianity

Monetary Unit: Danish Krone

Main Exports: Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

GNI Per Capita: US 68,000 (Tjek-laan, 2023)

Internet Domain: .dk

International Dialing Code: +45

How to say

Hello: Hej

Good Morning: Godmorgen

Good Evening: Godaften

Do you speak English?: Taler du engelsk?

Goodbye: Farvel

Thank you: Tak

See You Later: Vi Ses

2024 Public Holidays

Tax & Social Security

Denmark is normally recognised for its world record high tax level on salary income, although the actual average taxation never reaches that level. The system is based on a progressive scale, which reaches 52.07% on the last earned salary above DKK 588,900 (2024). There are a variety of deductions and tax levies that affect this calculation.

The income year (tax year) runs from 1 January to 31 December.

The Danish Tax Administration will issue an annual tax return, which the individual is obliged to review to verify that the reported information is correct. If an individual has any special circumstances (e.g., foreign income, foreign properties, etc.), the individual must submit an extended tax return.

Income Tax

Below are the tax rates for 2024:

Tax	2024	2023	More information
Income from shares (graduated limit)	DKK 60,1000	DKK 58,900
Income from shares (tax rates below/above the graduated limit)	27/42 %	27/42 %
Labour market contributions *	8 %	8 %	Labour market contributions are a tax payable at the rate of 8% by all working individuals.
Employment allowance (maximum)	DKK 45,100	DKK 45,600	Read more about Employment allowance
Employment allowance (%)	DKK 45,600	DKK 45,600	Read more about Employment allowance
Basic allowance deducted from positive net income from capital in the tax base for top-bracket tax	DKK 50,500	DKK 48,800
Bottom-bracket tax	12,01 %	12,09 %	Bottom-bracket tax is payable by anyone with an income. Bottom-bracket tax is calculated on what is referred to as your personal income, with addition of positive net income from capital. However, bottom-bracket tax is only paybale on that part of your personal income exceeding your personal allowance.
Additional employment allowance for single parents (maximum)	DKK 25,300	DKK 24,400
Additional employment allowance for single parents (%)	6,25 %	6,25 %
Compensation for higher green taxes (the 'green cheque') (others over 18)	Abolished	Abolished
Compensation for higher green taxes (the 'green cheque') (pensioners)	DKK 875	DKK 875	This is not an actual cheque but an amount included in the tax. The amount is included in the preliminary income assessment and is paid out on an ongoing basis during the year by means of a higher monthly allowance.
Tax deduction for home improvement services (labour costs)	Abolished	Abolished
Tax deduction for household services (services)	DKK 11,900	DKK 6,600
Job allowance (maximum)	DKK 2,800	DKK 2,700
Job allowance (percentage)	4,50 %	4,50 %
Anniversary bonus/severance pay (lower limit)	DKK 8,000	DKK 8,000	Anniversary bonuses and severance pay up to DKK 8,000 are tax exempt.
Personal allowance (18 years and over)	DKK 49,700	DKK 48,000	All taxpayers have a personal allowance. The allowance refers to the amount of money you are allowed to earn without paying tax. The allowance is adjusted annually according to special rules. The Danish Tax Agency automatically includes your personal allowance when calculating your tax. Read more here: Preliminary income assessment and tax card
Personal allowance (under 18 years)	DKK 49,700	DKK 48,000	If you are under 18 in some or all of 2024 and have a part-time job or other income, you should read about personal allawance and chaning your preliminary income assessment at: tax-exemption card and tax card (currently in Danish).
Outstanding tax (limit for inclusion)	DKK 23,100	DKK 22,300	If you have paid too little tax in the previous year, you must pay the rest of the tax in the following year. When you receive a new tax assessment notice in March, you will be able to see whether you have paid too little tax. Read more here: Outstanding tax
Outstanding tax - interest on a daily basis from January 1st to July 1st	Available late 2024	5.5%	If you have paid too little tax in the previous year, you must pay the rest of the tax in the following year. When you receive a new tax assessment notice in March, you will be able to see whether you have paid too little tax. Read more here: Outstanding tax
Outstanding tax - additional interest charge	Available late 2024	7.5%	If you have paid too little tax in the previous year, you must pay the rest in the following year. If you do not pay the outstanding tax by 1 July, an interest charge will be added to the amount. Read more here: Outstanding tax
Tax ceiling (personal income)	52,07 %	52,07 %	The tax ceiling is the maximum tax rate applicable to your income. The tax ceiling is designed to ensure that your total income tax to the state and local administrations (i.e. bottom-bracket tax + top-bracket tax + health contributions + municipal tax) does not exceed the maximum tax rate of your income. Church tax and labour market contributions are not included in this tax ceiling.
Tax ceiling (positive net income from capital)	42 %	42 %	The tax ceiling is the maximum tax rate applicable to your income. From income year 2010, an additional tax ceiling for positive net income from capital was introduced. The tax rate on positive net income from capital is maximum 42% (2023).
Top-bracket tax	15%	15%	Top-bracket tax is levied on the part of your income that exceeds a basic allowance (lower limit) of DKK 588,900 (DKK 640,108 before labour market contribution) i 2024. Top-bracket tax is also levied on that part of possible positive net income from capital that exceeds a basic allowance (lower limit) of DKK 50,500. It's not possible to transfer any unused part of the basic allowance of DKK 588,900 to a spouse, if any. However, it is possible to transfer any unused part of the basic allowance of DKK 50,500.
Top-bracket tax (lower limit after deduction of labour market contributions)	DKK 588,900	DKK 568,900	See above.
Other employment-related expenses (lower limit for deduction)	DKK 7,000	DKK 6,700

Employers withhold Danish taxes and labour market contributions (“AM-bidrag”) when paying salaries to employees. The deadlines for paying tax and labour market contributions are dependent on the size of the company paying the salary:

For large companies (labour market contributions over DKK 250,000 and/or taxes over DKK 1,000,000), payment should be done by the last weekday of the month of account.
For small and medium-sized companies (labour market contributions less than DKK 250,000 and/or taxes less than DKK 1,000,000), payment should be done by the middle of the month following the month of account.

Besides the standard progressive taxation, Denmark has several flat-rate taxation regimes designed and applied for special purposes.

Social Security

Employees conducting work in Denmark are covered by social security in Denmark, provided that certain requirements are fulfilled.

Individuals conducting work in a foreign country must obtain an A1 certificate which confirms that an employee is covered by social security in one country when conducting work in another country. The employee must apply for this certificate online, but the employer can apply on the employee’s behalf.

Social security contributions are required for the following:

Mandatory Pension Scheme (ATP)
Employers’ Education Contribution (AUB)
Occupational Insurance for the Labour Market (AES)
Barsel.dk (Maternity Fund)
Financing contribution (FIB)
Labour Market Fund for Expatriates (AFU)
Administration of Holiday Funds (administrationsbidrag)
Specialised Employers’ Education Contribution (Læreplads-AUB)

Below are the employer contribution rates for 2024:

These social security contributions are collected via Samlet Betaling. The Mandatory Pension Scheme (ATP) contribution depends on the actual hours worked. The Occupational Insurance (AES) contribution depends on the type of work and the related risks to the employee.

Reporting

Payroll reports are submitted via the Tax Authorities’ online portal, “E-indkomst” (E-income), and can be submitted manually or via file upload. Each month a report must be made to “E-indkomst”, which in detail explains the current month’s tax information. Social security, holidays, and the amount of work are also reported through this system, which is then passed on to the respective authorities. There is no additional annual report since the annual information is submitted on the monthly reports.

New Employees

When hiring a non-Danish employee, an employer shall inform the Danish Tax Administration by submitting a specific form or by online form.

There are no requirements for providing information regarding employees to the authorities when hiring a new employee provided the employee is already registered with the Danish tax authorities. If the employee is not registered with the Danish Tax Authorities, the authorities must be informed.

Expat new employees are required to provide the following documentation:

Work Visa
Copy of Passport (or other ID cards)
Copy of Marriage Certificate
Local Bank Account Details
File Preliminary Tax Assessment

Leavers

When an employee’s employment is terminated, there are generally not many requirements for the employer to comply with. The employer is required to pay any outstanding holiday accrual to the Holiday Fund (FerieKonto) when the employee ceases their employment (end of the notice period).

Minimum Wage

In Denmark, there is no legally mandated minimum wage. Wages are typically determined through collective bargaining in different sectors. Despite the absence of a statutory minimum wage, you can expect a minimum wage in Denmark of about DKK 110 per hour based on employer responsibilities and established practices.

However, on a monthly basis, the minimum salary after tax in Denmark in 2024 is around €2,000 (approximately 15,300 DKK). Please note that the exact minimum wage might vary based on the specific sector or industry of employment.

Payroll

Danish payrolls run on a monthly basis. Each month the employer is required to obtain the recent tax information from the tax card of the employees. A tax card is a digital document, stating the tax rate and deductions of an employee, based on their registration, and issued by the Danish Tax Administration. Furthermore, the monthly payroll information must be uploaded to the Danish Tax Authorities site to pay withheld taxes and report the current month’s details.

The Danish Tax Administration is the main entry point for several reports, which they communicate to the applicable authorities (social security, etc.). Pension reports are dealt with using a separate process.

Payslips must be issued for each month of payroll, which describe the month’s salary in detail.

If shares/stock options/warrants are awarded, vested, or exercised as part of the employment, identification of the shares, time of award/vest/exercise must also be reported to the Danish Tax Authorities. This report is submitted separately from the payroll reports.

Reports

Payroll reports must be kept for at least five years.

Digital Mailbox

Correspondence with a Danish authority takes place through an online Digital Mailbox (“Digital Postkasse”).
All companies/entities registered with a Danish CVR-number are obligated to gain access to the Digital Mailbox. This is done by obtaining a Mit-ID.

All expenses relating to social security are invoiced through the Digital Mailbox.

Payslip Example

Employment Law

Employment law regulates the relationship between employers and employees; what employers can expect from employees, what employers can ask employees to do, and an employees’ rights at work. This section covers employment legislation for Denmark.

Holiday Accrual

Employees are entitled to a maximum of 5 weeks of holiday leave per year. For each month in the year the individual is employed, they are entitled to 2.08 days’ vacation paid by the employer. Employees are entitled to at least 25 days of holiday leave, regardless of how many days of holiday leave an employee has earned based on their employment.

Under the Danish Holiday Act (2020), employees can now earn ‘concurrent holidays’ where they can take their holiday leave the month after they earn the leave. They can also take paid holiday leave in advance of qualifying for all the leave with an agreement between the employer and employee.

Maternity Leave

Employees are entitled to 14 weeks of maternity leave and can commence maternity leave 4 weeks before the birth date.

The maximum refund rate from Barsel.dk (The Danish Maternity Fund) is DKK 185.79 per hour. The contribution rate to the Danish Maternity Fund is DKK 950,00 per full-time employee per year – DKK 79.170 per month.

Paternity Leave

Employees are entitled to 14 days of paternity leave following the birth date. Additionally, the parents share 32 weeks of leave following the birth, which they can freely distribute between themselves. It is, however, normal that the mother takes 6 months of maternity leave.

It is possible to obtain a refund from barsel.dk or DA-barsel by an application if certain criteria are met. Unless agreed there is no requirement to pay salary during the leave

Sickness

White-collar employees are entitled to paid sick leave. Illness does not normally have an impact on the employee’s salary rights. If certain criteria are met, the employee will be entitled to a special payment called “sygedagpenge”.

Employees are entitled to “sygedagpenge” (sick benefits) from the State if they’ve been employed for at least 26 weeks consecutively and have at least 240 hours of work. Employees are entitled to “sygedagpenge” from the employer if the employee has been employed for at least 8 weeks and has at least 74 hours of work.

The employer is obligated to pay sygedagpenge for the first 30 days, and the State will be obligated after the 30 days. If the employee is entitled to payment during sickness, the employer can claim a deduction from the State for the difference between the employee’s salary and the rate of the sygedagpenge.

National service

In Denmark, the minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service is 18 years of age.

Employee Benefits

Expenses

Employee benefits are taxable as income to the employee. That is, however, only if the value exceeds DKK 1,300 (2024). Private benefits, which are linked to employment, are taxed whenever the value exceeds DKK 7,000 (2024).

Typical benefits provided in Denmark could be the following:

Free internet and telephone (Taxable value: DKK 3,200 (2024))
Housing
Free car
Credit card
Employee benefits that are not linked to their employment/work and under certain circumstances are not taxed based on their value.
Gifts from Employers (DKK 1,300, or DKK 900 when considering Christmas gifts (2024)
Other benefits with some private elements e.g., clothes, vaccines, etc. (DKK 7,000 (2024)

Normally, the employee benefits are taxable and should be processed through payroll. However, the treatment of any specific benefit in terms of reports to the Danish Tax Authorities and withholding of taxes vary significantly.

The taxable value of the benefit is the market value unless otherwise specified by the tax law.

Visas & Work Permits

Citizens in the European Union (EU)

EU citizens are not required to have a work permit or visa when entering Denmark. Individuals within Europe can carry out work in Denmark unlimitedly and do not need to apply for a work permit.
Individuals are obligated to register with the Danish Tax Administration to pay Danish taxes and social security.
If the stay of the individuals exceeds three (3) months, the employer must register with the Danish authorities to apply for a permit.

Non-EU Citizens

Non-EU citizens are required to have a visa before entering Denmark to obtain a work permit.
To obtain a work permit, an application to the Danish authorities is required.
The authorities’ decision is based on the character of the work and the availability of qualified workers already in Denmark or the European Union.

Citizens of Nordic Countries

Citizens of the Nordic countries (Finland, Island, Norway, and Sweden) can work, stay, and study in Denmark without any permit.
Citizens can enter Denmark, without a passport, but must be able to identify themselves, if needed.

Citizens of the UK after Brexit

Individuals that have not obtained a stay in Denmark based on the EU rules before the 31st of December 2020 will, depending on the final agreement, must apply for a work- or residence permit.

Key updates in 2024

For 2024, the tax rate in Denmark for individuals under the ordinary tax scheme will be up to 52.06%.
If you include the AM tax, the rate can be as much as 55.89%.

As of January 2024, the former public holiday of Great Prayer Day has been abolished and employers must add 0.45% allowance to the salary. The allowance is mandatory for all employees for whom the work time is increased with the abolishment of Great Prayer Day, and the allowance is calculated based on the annual salary of the individual with an addition of employer pension.

Denmark has introduced tax liability for individuals working offshore when the work is connected to Energy Islands or similar.